Naslov (srp)

Karakteristike dečjeg rada kod nepraćene i razdvojene dece u Srbiji : doktorska disertacija

Autor

Marković, Violeta, 1990-

Doprinosi

Žegarac, Nevenka, 1968-

Opis (srp)

Zloupotreba dečjeg rada predstavlja jednu od ključnih oblasti gde se grubo krše prava deteta definisana međunarodnim dokumentima i domaćim zakonima. Procenjuje se da je 160 miliona dece u svetu bilo izloženo zloupotrebi dečjeg rada, od čega je 79 miliona dece bilo izloženo opasnom dečjem radu (ILO & UNICEF, 2021). U kontekstu migracija, naročito iregularnih i prisilnih, rizik da deca budu izložena zloupotrebi dečjeg rada je veliki, imajući u vidu da migriranje samo po sebi sadrži sve elemente koji su definisani kao rizici da deca budu izložena ovoj vrsti zloupotrebe: siromaštvo, neredovno pohađanje škole, nezaposlenost roditelja itd.Posebno ranjivu grupu čine nepraćena i razdvojena deca, a procene su da je tokom 2022. godine njih 39180 podnelo zahteve za azil u 27 EU+ zemalja (Eurostat, 2023). Ove brojeve, treba uzeti sa rezervom, jer veliki broj dece bez pratnje nije podneo zahtev za azil ni u jednoj zemlji, što dodatnopovećava rizik od različitih vidova eksploatacije, uključujući i dečji rad, s obzirom na to da nisu vidljivi sistemima zaštite. Zaštita nepraćene i razdvojene dece od izloženosti dečjem radu nije regulisana posebnim zakonskim odredbama i na njih se primenjuju zakonske odredbe, međunarodne i nacionalne, koje su u ovoj oblasti propisane za domicilnu decu.Istraživanje je kombinovalo kvantitativne i kvalitativne metode prikupljanja podataka. Korišćen je upitnik koji je posebno razvijen za potrebe ovog istraživanja. Upitnik je bio namenjen zaposlenima u sistemu zaštite nepraćene i razdvojene dece – iz državnih ustanova i organizacija civilnog društva. Fokus grupe i intervjui rađeni su sa profesionalcima iz sistema socijalne zaštite i sa nepraćenom i razdvojenom decom. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 140 profesionalaca i 44 dece.Rezultati ukazuju da je značajan udeo nepraćene i razdvojene dece izložen radu na migrantskom putu od zemalja porekla (najčešće Avganistana) do Srbije, te da su mnoga izložena najgorim oblicima dečjeg rada – i to opasnom radu i radu koji podrazumeva vršenje krivičnih dela vezanih za krijumčarenje ljudi i distribuciju prihoaktivnih supstanci. Deca koja putuju zapadnobalkanskom rutom preko Srbije uobičajeno rade na opasnim mašinama, u opasnim okolnostima i u opasnim delatnostima koje sa sobom nose potencijalne rizike i stvarne nepovoljne posledice po zdravlje, moral i blagostanje dece. Deca pokazuju agensnost što se vidi u demonstriranoj kontroli prilikom izbora posla i odluku da prekinu sa poslom onda kada prevazilazi njihove mogućnosti za trpljenje neadekvatnih uslova. Rezilijentnost dece karakteriše motivisanost da se uključe u rad i pokažu sposobnost za zarađivanje, a ta motivacija je usko vezana za odgovornost prema porodici. Njihov “uspeh” je dobit kojom ispunjavanju tu odgovornost, uz pozitivne efekte rada za sebe – sticanje veština za budućnost, nova znanja i sposobnosti. U kontekstu rada dece, izrazito važnu negativnu ulogu imaju evropske politike migracija, ali i politike nacionalnih zemalja tranzita: postojeće politike dodatno guraju decu u opasan rad otežavanjem ili češće onemogućavanjem legalnog zaposlenja, što otvara put poslodavcima da grubo zloupotrebljavaju rad dece.

Opis (srp)

Političke nauke - Teorija i metodologija socijalnog rada Datum odbrane: 18.07.2024.

Opis (eng)

Child labor is one of the key areas where children's rights defined by international documents and domestic laws are grossly violated. It is estimated that 160 million children in the world were exposed to child labor, of which 79 million children were exposed to hazardous child labor (ILO & UNICEF, 2021).In the context of migration, especially irregular and forced, the risk of children being exposed to child labor is high, bearing in mind that migration itself contains all those elements that are otherwise defined as risks of children being exposed to this type of abuse: poverty, irregular school attendance, parental unemployment, etc. A particularly risky group is unaccompanied and separated children, for whom it is estimated that in 2022, 39,180 of them applied for asylum in EU+ countries (Eurostat, 2023). These numbers, however, should be taken with a grain of salt, as large number of unaccompanied children have not applied for asylum in any country, which puts them at even greater risk of various forms of exploitation, including child labor, given that they are not visible to protection systems. The protection of unaccompanied and separated children from child labor is not covered by special legal provisions, international or national, but falls under the regulation for domicile children.The research combined quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A questionnaire was used, which was specially developed for the needs of this research, and which was filled out by professionals. The questionnaire was intended for all employees in the system of protection of unaccompanied and separated children - from state institutions and civil society organizations. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with professionals from the social welfare system and with unaccompanied and separated children. In total, 140 professionals and 44 children participated in the research. The results indicate that a significant number of unaccompanied and separated children are exposed to work on the migrant route from the countries of origin (most often Afghanistan) to Serbia, and that they are exposed to the worst forms of child labor - namely dangerous work and work that involves the commission of criminal acts related to smuggling and distribution of prichoactive substances. Children who travel the Balkan route through Serbia usually work on dangerous machines, in dangerous circumstances and in dangerous activities that carry with them potential risks and real consequences for the health, morale and well-being of children. Children show agency, which can be seen in the demonstrated control when choosing a job and the decision to stop working when it exceeds their capacity to endure inadequate conditions. Resilience of children is characterized by motivation to engage in work and demonstrate the ability to earn, and this motivation is closely related to responsibility towards the family. Their "success" is the profit by which they fulfill that responsibility, along with the positive effects of working for themselves - acquiring skills for the future, new knowledge and abilities. In the context of child labor, the European migration policies, but also the policies of the national transit countries, play an extremely important negative role: existing policies additionally push children into dangerous work by making it difficult or more often impossible to get legal employment, which opens the way for employers to grossly abuse child labor.

Jezik

srpski

Datum

2024

Licenca

Ovo delo je licencirano pod uslovima licence
Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 AT - Creative Commons Autorstvo - Nekomercijalno - Bez prerada 3.0 Austria License.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/at/legalcode

Predmet

OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Socijalni rad. Socijalna zaštita

child labor, unaccompanied and separated children, migration, protection system

OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Socijalni rad. Socijalna zaštita

dečji rad, nepraćena i razdvojena deca, migracije, sistem zaštite