Naslov (srp)

Rekonstrukcija navika u ishrani praistorijskih stanovnika Centralnog Balkana (9500-5300. g.p.n.e.) : obrasci mikrostrija na zubnoj gleđi : doktorska disertacija

Autor

Marković, Jelena N., 1992-

Doprinosi

Petrović, Bojan, 1975-
Porčić, Marko, 1981-
Tripković, Boban, 1972-
Stefanović, Sofija, 1972-

Opis (srp)

Neolitska demografska tranzicija predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih događaja u ljudskoj prošlosti, budući da je u velikoj meri uticala na biologiju, zdravlje i ishranu ljudi. Neolitizacija je proces koji podrazumeva više kompleksnih mehanizama, uključujući i promenu u načinu života, odnosno prelazak sa lovačko-sakupljačkog, na sedentarni način života. O važnosti promena koje je neolitizacija donela svedoči porast ljudske populacije u periodu od nekoliko hiljada godina, što je dalje značajno uticalo na pomeranje stanovništva i širenje novog, neolitskog načina života. Ovaj proces širenja neolita, moguće je pratiti kroz proučavanje promena u proizvodnji i načinu pripreme hrane putem analize ljudskih skeletnih ostataka. Analize ishrane zajednica u prošlosti moguće je proučavati indirektno analizom abrazije zuba, karijesa, zubnog kamenca, kao i raznih patoloških stanja koje mogu biti posledica ishrane. Pored toga, prehrambene navike se mogu se istraživati direktno, analizom stabilnih izotopa, kao i analizom mikrostrija. Mikrostrije su mikroskopski vidljivi tragovi na površini gleđi zuba, koji nastaju kao posledica mastikacije hrane koja je sadržala određene količine abrazivnih čestica. Abrazivne čestice mogu biti endogene, kao što su fitoliti u biljkama, i egzogene, poput silikatnih čestica i peska na koži ribe ili čestica kamena u mlevenim biljkama. Dosadašnje analize mikrostrija su pružile značajne dokaze o ishrani zajednica u prošlosti i pokazale su da dolazi do promena u abrazivnosti hrane i tehnikama pripreme sa prelaskom na lova i sakupljnja na poljoprivredu. Prednost analize mikrostrija je to što njihovi obrasci prikazuju ne samo sastav ishrane, već i tehnologije pripreme hrane, što ih čini veoma korisnim za proučavanje procesa koji su bili potkovani promenama u prehrambenim navikama, poput neolitizacije. Imajući ovo u vidu, u okviru ovog istražvanja analize mikrostrija su primenjene kako bi se istražili obrasci i promene u ishrani i tehnikama pripreme hrane u toku neolitizacije centralnog Balkana.Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrdi: a) kakve su bile prehrambene navike novopridošlih neolitskih indivdua na teritoriji Đerdapske klisure gde su došli u kontakt sa lokalnim mezolitskim stanovništvom i kakva je bila njihova ishrana na teritorijama van Đerdapa, gde nema dokaza o kontaktu; b) u kojoj meri su lokalne mezolitske zajednice prihvatile novine koje su individue nelokalnog porekla donele.Rad obuhvata analizu stanovnika centralnog Balkana koji su nastanjivali dve različite oblasti. Prvu oblast predstavlja Đerdapska klisura, za koju postoje dokazi o naseljavanju od mezolita do neolita (9500-5500. god. p.n.e.) i gde je blizina reke značajno uticala na razvoj prehrambenih navika lokalnih zajednica. Druga oblast, koju predstavljaju Šumadija i južni deo Panonske nizije, gde je neolit trajao od 6200. do 5300. god. p.n.e., a tragovi mezolita su retki, bila je mnogo pogodnija za razvoj poljoprivrede.Analize mikrostrija primenjene su na 52 individue koje pripadaju mezolitu i neolitu Đerdapa i 18 individua sahranjenih na neolitskim lokalitetima van Đerdapske klisure. Rezultati su pokazali da postoje jasne razlike u abrazivnosti hrane između mezolitskog i oba neolitska uzorka, da su mezolitske individue imale značajno abrazivniju ishranu od neolitskih. S druge strane, razlika u abrazivnosti ishrane između dva neolitska uzorka ne postoji. Na celokupnom uzorku testirano je i da li se abrazivnost hrane menjala u skladu sa godinama, i rezultati su ukazali da je ishrana dece bila najmanje abrazivna, dok su starije individue imale abrazivniju ishranu. Ovo može ukazivati da je hrana za decu bila posebno pripremana i veoma obrađena. Nasuprot obrascima mikrostrija, rezultati analize stabilnih izotopa pokazali su da su individue svih uzrasta imale istu ishranu. Nepodudaranje rezultata ove dve analize dodatno potvrđuje da je smanjena abrazivnost hrane najmlađih individua bila posledica tehnologija pripreme hrane.Obrasci mikrostrija pokazali su specifične obrasce ishrane mezolitskih zajednica koje su naseljavale teritoriju Đerdapske klisure. Velika gustina mikrostrija ukazuje na to da je ishrana bila zasnovana na veoma abrazivnoj hrani. Broj vertikalnih mikrostrija pokazuje da se ishrana najverovatnije zasnivala na mesu, dok pojava značajnog broja horizontalnih mikrostrija pokazuje da je i hrana biljnog porekla imala udeo u ishrani. Imajući u vidu ove rezultate, kao i ostale dokaze o ishrani u mezolitu Đeradapa, može se zaključiti da je ishrana u ovom periodu bila zasnovana presvega na sušenom mesu ribe. Meso samo po sebi nije abrazivno, ali proces sušenja mesa povećava tvrdoću, ali dovodi i do uvođenja većeg broja abrazivnih čestica. Kada je reč o udelu biljaka u ishrani, mikrostrije su mogle nastati kao posledica konzumiranja divljih biljaka koje su sadržale fitolite, ostatka sedimenta na korenju ili kao posledica obrade biljaka kamenim žrvnjevima. Kako bi se ustanovilo da li su pol, starost ili poreklo imali uticaja na ishranu u mezolitu, poređeni su obrasci mikrostrija muškaraca i žena, individua u različitim starosnim kategorijama i lokalnih i neolokalnih individua. Rezultati su pokazali da nije bilo razlike u abrazivnosti i da su se sve individue bez obzira na pol, starost i poreklo hranile podjednako abrazivnom hranom, koja je pripremana na isti način.Sa dolaskom neolita u Đerdapskoj klisuri dolazi do značajne promene u prehrambenim navikama stanovništva. Smanjena gustina mikrostrija ukazuje na manju abrazivnost hrane, dok manji broj vertikalnih i horizontalnih mikrostrija ukazuju na smanjen unos mesa i biljaka. Imajući u vidu da druge analize nisu pokazale da u Đerdapu dolazi do značajne promene u eksploataciji akvatičkih resursa, može se pretpostaviti da su razlike koje se vide u odnosu na prethodni period zapravo posledica promene u tehnologiji pripreme hrane. Naime, neolitski došljaci su sa sobom doneli novu tehnologiju pripreme hrane, odnosno kuvanje u keramičkim posudama, koju je lokalno stanovništvo prihvatilo, što se odražava kroz smanjenu gustinu mikrostrija. Pored toga, dolazi do pojave individua koje su preferirale kopnene resurse, što je takođe moglo da utiče na formiranje obrazaca mikrostrija. Kada je reč o udelu biljaka u ishrani, rezultati arheobotaničkih i analiza stabilnih izotopa pokazali su da one nisu imale značajnu ulogu u ishrani.Slični obrasci ishrane se primećuju i kod neolitskih individua sahranjenih van Đerdapske klisure. Gustina mikrostrija je bila značajno manja nego kod mezolitskih individua, što ukazuje da je ishrana bila manje abrazivna. Neolitske zajednice van Đerdapa su ishranu u velikoj meri zasnivale na kopnenim resursima poput žitarica, sa izuzetkom lokaliteta koji su bili pozicionirani blizu reka, gde su rezultati analiza stabilnih izotopa pokazali veći udeo akvatičkih resursa u ishrani. Na osnovu ovih rezultata se može zaključiti da su žitarice, koje su mogle biti kuvane, bile manje abrazivne od sušene ribe koja je konzumirana u mezolitu.Ukoliko se porede obrasci mikrostrija individua sahranjenih na području Đerdapa i neolitskih individua sahranjenih van Đerdapske klisure primećuje se nedostatak razlike, za šta postoji više razloga. Kao što je već pomenuto, iako se neolitske zajednice u Đerdapu u neolitu i dalje pretežno hrane ribom, dolazi do pojave individua koje preferiraju kopnene reusrse. S druge strane ishrana na teritorijama van Đerdapa se zasnivala na kopnenim resursima, ali na lokalitetima koji su bili blizu reka postoji povećan unos akvatičkih proteina. Imajući u vidu da su individue iz oba neolitska uzorka u ishranu uključivale i ribu i kopnene resurse, kao i veliku verovatnoću da su ovi resursi bili obrađivani na isti način, ovo bi moglo da bude objašnjenje za nedostatak razlike u abrazivnosti ishrane.Individue iz oba neolitska uzorka imaju manje abrazivnu ishranu u odnosu na mezolitske individue sa teritorije Đerdapa, ali kada se porede sa neolitskim individuama sa drugih lokaliteta u Evropi i na Bliskom istoku, primećuje se da je njihova ishrana abrazivnija. Ovo može biti posledica specifičnih uslova u kojima se nalaze analizirani lokaliteti i može ukazivati na tehnike obrade hrane koje su u namirnice uključivale veće količine abrazivnih čestica.Kako bi se ustanovilo da li je pol uticao na prehrambene navike poređeni su obrasci mikrostrija muškaraca i žena u oba neolitska uzorka. Na teritoriji Đerdapa žene su imale abrazivniju ishranu od muškaraca, kao i veći udeo biljaka u ishrani. Slična slika se primećuje i kod neolitskih individua sahranjenih van teritorije Đerdapa, gde obrasci mikrostrija ukazuju na to da su muškarci imali veći procenat mesa u ishrani. Primećene razlike u obrascima mikrostrija muškaraca i žena mogu biti posledica njihovih društvenih uloga, koje bi dovodile do različite dostupnosti određenih namirnica.Obrasci mikrostrija poređeni su kod indiviuda koje su pripadale različitim starosnim kategorijama, kako bi se utvrdilo da li se abrazivnost menjala u skladu sa godinama. Kod individua sa teritorije Đerdapa nema razlike u abrazivnosti ishrane dece i odraslih individua što može ukazivati da su imali podjednako abrazivnu ishranu. Kada je reč o individuama sahranjenim na teritorijama van Đerdapske klisure uočene su razlike u abrazivnosti ishrane kod individua različitih starosnihkategorija. Kod najmlađih individua zabeležena je najmanja abrazivnost, koja je rasla u skladu sa godinama, te najstarije invididue imaju značajno abrazivniju ishranu.Za teritoriju Đerdapa poređeni su obrasci mikrostrija neolitskog stanovništva lokalnog i nelokalnog porekla, i rezultati su pokazali da ne postoji razlika u abrazivnosti hrane. S druge strane, rezultati analiza stabilnih izotopa pokazali su da razlika u ishrani jeste postojala. Ovakvi rezultati mogu biti posledica toga što analize mikrostrija i analize stabilnih izotopa pokazuju ishranu u različitom periodu pred smrt individue. Odnosno, lokalno stanovništvo je vremenom moglo da prihvati nove tehnologije pripreme hrane, dok je deo novopridošlog stanovništva mogao da konzumira lokalno dostupne resurse, što bi dovelo do stvaranja sličnih obrazaca mikrostrija.Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da analize mikrostrija na bukalnoj strani zuba predstavljaju veliki potencijal za razumevanje kompleksnih procesa poput neolitizacije. Ovaj proces podrazumevao je promene u ishrani, ali proučavanje prehrambenih navika ima više aspekata, te pored sastava ishrane, bitnu ulogu imaju i tehnologije pripreme hrane. Prednost analize mikrostrija je što one pored sastava ishrane, omogućavaju uvid i u tehnologije pripreme hrane, što omogućava stvaranje šire slike o procesima koji su se dešavali u toku neolitizacije. Sprovedeno istraživanje je otvorilo nov ugao posmatranja procesa neolitizacije i pružilo je direktne podatke o ishrani mezolitskih i neolitskih zajednica sa ove teritorije. Posmatranjem obrazaca mikrostrija stečen je uvid u to kako je prelazak sa mezolita na neolit izgledao sa aspekta prehrambenih navika. Analizirane individue potiču iz različitih okolina koje su imale specifične ekološke i kulturološke uslove i posmatranjem ishrane ovih individua moguće je bolje razumeti kako je izgledao kontakt između prvih neolitskih poljoprivrednika i lokalnih mezolitskih lovačko sakupljačkih zajednica i koje je sve procese uključivao. Naime, neolitske pridošlice su sa sobom ponele svoje prehrambene navike i tehnologije obrade, koje je lokalno stanovništvo prihvatilo. S druge strane, novopridošlo stanovništvo se takođe prilagodilo lokalno dostupnim resursima. Ove analize istakle su koliki je značaj ekoloških uslova u kojima su se zajednice razvijale i da kulturna pozadina značajno utiče na stvaranje prehrambenih navika. Pored toga, posmatranje mikroskopski vidljivih tragova na zubima proširilo je saznanja o tome kako su pol i kulturne uloge uticali na ishranu članova zajednice. Takođe, pokazale su i kako su zajednice u prošlosti tretirale najmlađe članove zajednice, odnosno da je njihova hrana bila posebno pripremana, što je rezultat zajedničke brige zajednice o deci.

Opis (srp)

Arheologija - Fizička antropologija / Archaeology - Physical Anthropology Datum odbrane: 10.03.2025.

Opis (eng)

The Neolithic demographic transition represents one of the most significant events in human history, as it greatly influenced human biology, health, and diet. Neolithisation is a process encompassing several complex mechanisms, including a shift in lifestyle, from a hunter-gatherer way of life to a sedentary one. The importance of the changes brought by Neolithisation is evidenced by population growth over several thousand years, which significantly impacted population movements and the spread of the new Neolithic way of life. This process of Neolithic expansion can be traced through studying changes in food production and preparation by analyzing human skeletal remains. It is possible to study the diet of past communities through indirect methods such as examining tooth abrasion, dental caries, dental calculus, and various pathological conditions that may result from diet. In addition, dietary habits can be analyzed through direct methods, including stable isotope analysis and microwear analysis. Microwear represents microscopically visible traces on the surface of tooth enamel, formed due to the mastication of foods containing specific quantities of abrasive particles. These abrasive particles can be endogenous, such as phytoliths in plants, or exogenous, such as silicate particles and sand on fish skin or stone particles in ground plants. Previous microware analyses have provided significant evidence on past communities' diets and shown that changes occur in food abrasiveness and preparation techniques with the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. The advantage of microwear analysis is that the patterns reflect not only the composition of the diet but also food preparation technologies, making it extremely useful for studying processes that were underpinned by changes in dietary habits, such as Neolithisation. Thus, within this research, microwear analyses were applied to investigate patterns and changes in diet and food preparation techniques during the Neolithisation of the Central Balkans.The aim of the research was to determine: a) the dietary habits of the newly arrived Neolithic individuals in the territory of the Danube Gorges, where they came into contact with the local Mesolithic population, and what was their diet like in areas outside of the Danube Gorges, where there is no evidence of such contact; b) to what extent local Mesolithic communities adopted the innovations introduced by individuals of non-local origin.The study encompasses an analysis of the inhabitants of the central Balkans who lived in two distinct regions. The first region is the Danube Gorges, where the evidence for continuity of occupation from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic period (9500–5500 cal BC) exists and where proximity to the river significantly influenced the development of dietary habits within local communities. The second region is Šumadija and the southern part of the Pannonian Plain, where the Neolithic period lasted from 6200 to 5300 cal BC, and traces of the Mesolithic are rare, was much more suitable for the development of agriculture.Microwear analyses were conducted on 52 individuals from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods of the Danube Gorges and 18 individuals buried at Neolithic sites outside of the Danube Gorges. The results showed clear differences in the food abrasiveness between the Mesolithic sample and both Neolithic samples, indicating that the Mesolithic individuals had a significantly more abrasive diet. On the other hand, there was no difference in the abrasiveness of the diet between the two Neolithic samples. Across the entire sample, it was tested whether food abrasiveness changed with age. The results indicated that children had the least abrasive diet, whereas older individuals had a more abrasive diet. This could indicate that food for children was specifically prepared and highly processed. Contrary to the microwear patterns, the results of stable isotope analysis showed that individuals of all ages had the same diet. The discrepancy between the results of these two analyses further confirms that the lower abrasiveness of food among the youngest individuals resulted from food preparation technologies.Microwear patterns revealed specific dietary habits among the Mesolithic communities that inhabited the Danube Gorges. A high density of microwear features indicates that their diet was based on highly abrasive foods. The number of vertical microwear features suggests that the diet was mostlikely based on meat, while the presence of a significant number of horizontal features indicates that plant-based foods were also included in the diet. Considering these results and other evidence of Mesolithic diet in the Danube Gorges, it can be concluded that the diet during this period was primarily based on dried fish. The meat itself is not abrasive, but the drying process increases its hardness and introduces a larger quantity of abrasive particles. As for the contribution of plants in the diet, the microwear could have resulted from consuming wild plants containing phytoliths, residual sediment on roots, or from the processing of plants using stone grinders. To determine whether sex, age, or origin influenced Mesolithic dietary patterns, the microwear patterns of men and women, individuals of different age categories, and both local and non-local individuals were compared. The results showed no difference in food abrasiveness, indicating that all individuals, regardless of sex, age, or origin, consumed equally abrasive foods that were prepared in the same way.With the arrival of the Neolithic in the Danube Gorges, there was a significant shift in the population's dietary habits. The reduced density of microwear features indicates lower food abrasiveness, while the smaller number of vertical and horizontal microwear features suggests decreased intake of meat and plants. Given that other analyses did not reveal any significant change in the exploitation of aquatic resources in the Danube Gorges, one can infer that the differences observed compared to the previous period result from changes in food preparation technology. Namely, the Neolithic newcomers brought new food preparation technology, cooking in ceramic vessels, which the local population adopted, as reflected in the reduced density of microwear features. Additionaly, individuals who preferred terrestrial resources appeared, which could have also influenced the formation of microwear patterns. When it comes to the contribution of plants in diet, results from archaeobotanical and stable isotope analyses have indicated that plants did not play a major role in nutrition.Similar dietary patterns are observed among Neolithic individuals buried outside the Danube Gorges. The density of microwear was significantly lower than in Mesolithic individuals, indicating a less abrasive diet. Neolithic communities outside the Danube Gorges primarily based their diet on terrestrial resources such as cereals, except at sites located near rivers, where stable isotope analyses showed a higher input of aquatic resources in the diet. Based on these results, it can be concluded that cereals, which could have been cooked, were less abrasive than the dried fish consumed in the Mesolithic period.When comparing the microwear patterns of individuals buried in the Danube Gorges with those of Neolithic individuals buried outside the Danube Gorges, no notable differences are observed, and there are several reasons for this. As already mentioned, although Neolithic communities in the Danube Gorges continued to predominantly consume fish during the Neolithic period, individuals who preferred terrestrial resources also emerged. On the other hand, while the diet in territories outside the Danube Gorges was based on terrestrial resources, sites located close to rivers show an increased intake of aquatic proteins. Given that individuals in both Neolithic samples included fish and terrestrial resources in their diets, and considering the strong possibility that these resources were processed similarly, this could explain the lack of differences in diet abrasiveness.Individuals from both Neolithic samples had a less abrasive diet compared to the Mesolithic individuals from the Danube Gorges. However, compared with Neolithic individuals from other European and Near Eastern sites, their diet appears more abrasive. This may be a consequence of the specific local site conditions and suggest food processing techniques that introduced larger quantities of abrasive particles into their food.To determine whether sex influenced dietary habits, the microwear patterns of men and women in both Neolithic samples were compared. In the Danube Gorges, women had a more abrasive diet than men and a higher proportion of plant-based foods. A similar trend was observed among the Neolithic individuals buried outside the Danube Gorges, where the microwear patterns indicate that men had a higher percentage of meat in their diet. The observed differences in the microwear patterns of men and women could result from their social roles, which would have led to differing access to certain food resources.Microwear patterns were also compared among individuals of different age categories to determine whether abrasiveness changed with age. Among individuals from the Danube Gorges, there was no difference in the abrasiveness of the diet between children and adults, which could suggest that they consumed an equally abrasive food. In contrast, among individuals buried outside the Danube Gorges, differences in dietary abrasiveness were observed across various age categories. The youngest individuals showed the lowest level of abrasiveness, which increased with age, and the oldest individuals had a significantly more abrasive diet.For the Danube Gorges, microwear patterns were compared between Neolithic individuals of local and non-local origin, and the results indicated that there was no difference in food abrasiveness. On the other hand, stable isotope analyses showed that a dietary difference did exist. These results may stem from the fact that microwear analyses and stable isotope analyses reflect diet over different periods prior to the individual’s death. Over time, the local population might have adopted new food preparation technologies, while some of the newly arrived population could have consumed locally available resources, ultimately leading to similar microwear patterns.Based on the obtained results, microwear analyses on the buccal side of the tooth present a great potential for understanding complex processes such as Neolithisation. This process involves changes in diet, but the study of dietary habits has multiple facets, aside from the composition of the diet, food preparation technologies also play an important role.The advantage of microwear analysis lies in the fact that, in addition to shedding light on the composition of the diet, it also provides insights into food preparation technologies, thereby allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the processes that took place during Neolithisation. The conducted research has opened a new perspective on the process of Neolithisation and provided direct data on the diets of Mesolithic and Neolithic communities in this region. By observing microwear patterns, insights were gained into how the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic unfolded from the perspective of dietary practices. The analyzed individuals originate from different environments with specific ecological and cultural conditions, and examining their diets allows for a better understanding of the interaction between the first Neolithic agriculturalists and the local Mesolithic hunter-gatherer communities, as well as the processes involved. Specifically, the Neolithic newcomers brought their dietary habits and food processing technologies, which were adopted by the local population. Conversely, the newcomers also adapted to locally available resources. These analyses have emphasized the importance of ecological conditions in shaping community development and highlighted the significant influence of cultural backgrounds on the formation of dietary practices. Moreover, the examination of microscopic traces on teeth has expanded understanding of how gender and cultural roles influenced the diets of community members. It has also revealed how past communities cared for their youngest members, showing that their food was specially prepared, which is a result of the communal care for children.

Jezik

srpski

Datum

2025

Licenca

Ovo delo je licencirano pod uslovima licence
Creative Commons CC BY-NC 3.0 AT - Creative Commons Autorstvo - Nekomercijalno 3.0 Austria License.

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Predmet

OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Arheologija

OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Antropologija

fizička antropologija, mezolitsko-neolitska tranzicija, Đerdapska klisura, centralni Balkan, ishrana, tehnologije obrade hrane, analiza bukalnih miktostrija

OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Arheologija

OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Antropologija

Physical Anthropology, Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition, Danube Gorges, Central Balkans, diet, food preparation techniques, buccal microwear analysis