Digitalni repozitorijum
Univerziteta u Beogradu
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Liposomal Encapsulation of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Pulp Extract: Design, Characterization, and Controlled Release Assessment
Jovanović, Aleksandra
Dekanski, Dragana
Milošević, Milena
Mitić, Ninoslav
Rašković, Aleksandar
Martić, Nikola
Pirković, Andrea
Background: Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) pulp flour is primarily used in the food industry. As a rich source of bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, it holds promise for pharmaceutical formulation research and development. Objectives: This study focused on developing liposomal particles loaded with carob pulp extract using the proliposome method, followed by modifications through UV irradiation and sonication. Methods: The resulting liposomes were analyzed for encapsulation efficiency, vesicle size, polydispersity index (PDI), mobility, zeta potential, viscosity, surface tension, density, antioxidant activity, FT-IR spectra, and release kinetics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. In addition, nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for liposomal characterization. Results: The findings revealed a high encapsulation efficiency across all samples (>70%). The particle size and PDI measurements confirmed the presence of a multilamellar and uniform liposomal system before post-processing modifications. The medium value of zeta potential suggested a moderately electrostatically stabilized liposomal suspension. The sonicated liposomes demonstrated a higher concentration of vesicles in comparison to non-treated and UV-irradiated samples. TEM analysis revealed purified liposomal vesicles with preserved structural integrity. Encapsulation, as well as UV irradiation and sonication of liposomes, did not diminish the extract’s anti-DPPH activity. However, the ABTS radical scavenging potential of the pure extract was significantly lower compared to its encapsulated counterparts. UV irradiation and sonication notably reduced the anti-ABTS capacity of the extract-liposome system. Monitoring the release of bioactive compounds demonstrated controlled delivery from liposomal particles under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Conclusions: Overall, liposomal formulations of carob pulp extract exhibit significant potential for further development as a functional food ingredient or for use in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
engleski
2025-06-13
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Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 - Creative Commons Autorstvo 4.0 International License.
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carob pulp extract; liposomal formulation; encapsulation efficiency; antioxidant activity; controlled release
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17060776