Naslov (srp)

Sadržaj i sastav unutrašnjeg i spoljašnjeg aerozagađenja u školskim sredinama u Srbiji : doktorska disertacija

Autor

Živković, Marija M., 1985-

Doprinosi

Jovanović, Маја
Manojlović, Dragan, 1961-
Ilijević, Konstantin, 1980-
Roglić, Goran, 1964-
Jovašević-Stojanović, Milena, 1957-

Opis (eng)

This dissertation presents a complex analysis of air quality in school environments andcontributes to better knowledge about the pollutants levels present in the form of particles andgases in indoor and outdoor air. In this dissertation, priority indoor air pollutants weremeasured: VOC, NO2, O3, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, as well as PAHs in all particle fractions andPAHs in gas phase. Sampling was carried out over a period of three months, successively insix elementary schools and two kindergartens in Serbia, which are in different environments.VOCs, NO2 and O3 were sampled using passive samplers, while particulate fractions (PM2.5,PM10, TSP) and gas phase PAHs were sampled using low volume pumps. It was found that thelevels of VOCs in the indoor space of the schools were much higher than in the outdoorenvironment. VOC levels in schools were found to be higher indoors than outdoors. The resultsof the PCA analysis indicated that ozonolysis and photochemical reactions, emissions frombuilding materials and organic solvents, emissions from cleaning agents and outdoor emissionsources significantly affect the levels of VOCs in the indoor environment of schools. Higherconcentrations of particles in the indoor and outdoor environment were recorded during theheating season in all schools, so it was concluded that the influence of heating during the wintermonths, as well as the location of the school, have a significant impact on PM levels inclassrooms. The results also showed that the concentrations of particles were higher indoorthan outdoor. Higher levels of PM2.5 were observed in the classrooms during school hourscompared to levels when the classrooms were empty. It has been shown that the infiltration ofoutdoor particles and their resuspension can lead to elevated levels of indoor particles, andtherefore to increased levels of PAHs. By examining the distribution of PAHs between the gasand the particle phases, it was observed that the most dominant PAHs in the gas phase wereNap, Phe and Flu, while the most dominant PAHs in the particulate phase were BgP, Ind andBbF. It was observed that PAHs with 5 and 6 benzene rings were mainly adsorbed on smallerparticles, PM2.5-10 (10-60%) and PM2.5 (78-89%). On the other hand, PAHs with 2 and 3benzene rings were the most dominant during both seasons in the gas phase (95-100%). Threemethods were applied in order to identify the potential sources of PAHs (DR, PCA-MLR andPMF). The PMF method provided much better insight into potential sources and theircontributions comparedto PCA-MLR and DR. Stationary sources, coal and biomass burningwere identified as the main sources of total PAHs in the indoor and outdoor environment ofschools during the heating season. The results showed that children in school environments inSerbia were exposed to elevated levels of pollutants, primarily VOCs, PM and PAHs duringboth seasons. It was observed that the levels of benzene, PM2.5, PM10 and PAHs in air, werehigher than the limit values or recommended values. The calculated indicators for riskassessment due to exposure to PAHs showed that children were at an increased risk ofdeveloping cancer.

Opis (srp)

Ova disertacija predstavlja kompleksnu analizu kvaliteta vazduha u školskim sredinama idoprinosi boljim saznanjima o nivoima zagađujućih materija prisutnih u obliku čestica i gasovau vazduhu unutrašnjeg prostora škola i njihovom okruženju. U ovoj disertaciji merene suprioritetne zagađujuće materije vazduha za unutrašnji prostor: VOC, NO2, O3, PM2,5, PM10,TSP, kao i PAH-ova u svim frakcijama čestica i gasnoj fazi. Uzorkovanje je vršeno u ukupnomtrajanju od tri meseca, sukcesivno u šest osnovnih škola i dva vrtica u Srbiji, koji se nalaze urazličitom okruženju. VOC-ovi, NO2 i O3 bili su uzorkovani pomoću pasivnih uzorkivača, doksu frakcije čestica (PM2,5, PM10, TSP) i gasna faza PAH-ova uzorkovani aktivno, pomoćupumpi male zapremine. Nađeno je da su nivoi VOC-ova u unutrašnjem prostoru škola bilidaleko viši nego u spoljašnjoj sredini. Rezultati PCA analize ukazali su da ozonoliza ifotohemijske reakcije, emisije iz građevinskih materijala i organski rastvarači, emisije izsredstava za čišćenje i spoljašnji izvori emisije značajno utiču na nivoe VOC-ova uunutrašnjem prostoru škola. Veće koncentracije čestica u unutrašnjem prostoru i spoljašnjojsredini zabeležene su tokom grejnog perioda u svim školama, pa je zaključeno da uticajgrejanja tokom zimskih meseci, kao i položaj škole ima bitan uticaj na nivoe PM u učionicama.Takođe, rezultati su pokazali da su koncentracije čestica u unutrašnjem prostoru više nego uspoljašnjoj sredini. Zapaženi su viši nivoi PM2,5 u učionicama tokom školskih sati u poređenjusa nivoima kada su učionice bile prazne. Pokazano je da infiltracija spoljašnjih čestica i njihovanaknadna resuspenzija može dovesti do povišenih nivoa čestica u unutrašnjem prostoru škola,a samim tim i do povećanih nivoa PAH-ova. Ispitivanjem raspodele PAH-ova između gasne ičestične faza uočeno je da su najdominantniji PAH-ovi u gasnoj fazi bili Nap, Phe i Flu, doksu najdominantniji u čestičnoj fazi bili BgP, Ind i BbF. Primećeno je da su PAH-ovi sa 5 i 6benzenovih prstenova uglavnom bili adsorbovani na česticama manjih dimenzija, tj. PM2,5-10(10-60%) i PM2,5 (78-89%). S druge strane, PAH-ovi sa 2 i 3 benzenova prstena bili sunajdominantniji tokom obe sezone u gasnoj fazi (95-100%). Primenjene su tri metode u cilljuidentifikacije izvora PAH-ova (DR, PCA-MLR i PMF). PMF metoda je dala daleko bolji uvidu potencijalne izvore i njihove doprinose u odnosu na PCA-MLR i DR. Stacionarni izvori,sagorevanje uglja i biomase identifikovani su kao glavni izvori ukupnih PAH-ova uunutrašnjem prostoru i spoljašnjoj sredini škola tokom grejnog perioda. Rezultati su pokazalida su deca u školskim sredinama u Srbiji bila izložena povišenim nivoima zagađujućihmaterija, pre svega VOC-ova i čestica u unutrašnjem prostoru škola tokom oba perioda.Uočeno je da su nivoi benzena, PM2,5, PM10 i PAH-ova u vazduhu, bili viši od graničnih ilipreporučenih vrednosti. Izračunati indikatori za procenu rizika usled izloženosti PAH-ovimasu pokazali da su deca bila pod povećanim rizikom za nastanak raka

Opis (srp)

Hemija - Analitička hemija / Chemistry -Analitical chemistry Datum odbrane: 29.09.2023.

Jezik

srpski

Datum

2023

Licenca

Ovo delo je licencirano pod uslovima licence
Creative Commons CC BY-NC 3.0 AT - Creative Commons Autorstvo - Nekomercijalno 3.0 Austria License.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/at/legalcode

Predmet

OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Analitička hemija

kvalitet vazduha, zagađenje vazduha, respirabilne čestice, VOC-ovi, PAH-ovi, receptorsko modelovanje, procena rizika

OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Analitička hemija

air quality, air pollution, respirable particles, VOCs, PAHs, receptor modeling, risk assessment